Method
Sources & method
Each entry lists its own references and, where one is freely available, a primary source: the original paper, patent or manual. Every link is checked to load. Text is written fresh from these sources; nothing is copied from the books.
Dates. Most inventions grew over years. Each star sits at a widely used starting point (a first demonstration, a patent, a first product), and where the start is gradual or disputed the entry gives a range. Where sources disagree, the entry says so.
Impact ("changed photography for everyone", "major", "significant", "niche") is a judgment for orientation, not a measurement.
Images are public domain only, each credited with its source.
General sources
- Josef Maria Eder, History of Photography, trans. Edward Epstean (Columbia University Press, 1945; Dover, 1978) ↗ The standard technical history to about 1925. Cited by chapter and page.
- Helmut Gernsheim, The Origins of Photography (Thames & Hudson, 1982)
- Therese Mulligan and David Wooters (eds.), A History of Photography: From 1839 to the Present (George Eastman House Collection; Taschen)
- Beaumont Newhall, The History of Photography: From 1839 to the Present (Museum of Modern Art) Print reference. Edition to be recorded from the title page.
- Naomi Rosenblum, A World History of Photography (Abbeville Press)
- Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin: the Gernsheim collection and Niépce's heliograph ↗
- Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division ↗
- Wikipedia (linked on every entry) ↗